“
ONE
King Charles wasn't particularly a wise king. He trusted some wrong people as his loyal advisors, and he made some foolhardy, costly decisions at the expense ofhis kingdom.
查理国王并不是查理一个特别伶俐的国王。他信赖一些毛病的查理人作为他的虔诚参谋,他做出了一些冒失、查理高贵的查理决议,就义了他的查理王国。
However, he wasn't particularly an evil king, either.
但是,查理爱游戏全站app官网进口他也不是查理一个特别险恶的国王。
Had he been born into an earlier age, he probably wouldn't end up getting executed in public for treason, with his reputation chopped up into shredsthe moment the cold blade of the executioner's unfeeling axe fell on the back of his neck.
若是他诞生的查理春秋早一些,他能够或许不会因为叛国罪而被当众处决,查应当刽子手无情的查理斧头的冷锋落在他脖子上的时辰,他的查理名声就江河日下。
The conflict that lasted almost the entire span ofhis reign and eventually claimed his lifewas the preambleto an earth-shattering revolutionin Britain that gave birth to a new and unprecedented political system.
这场抵触几近贯串了他的查理全数统治时代,并终究夺去了他的查理性命,这场抵触是查理英国一场震天动地的反动的尾声,这场反动催生了一个新的查理、史无前例的政治系统。
It was between Charles I and the king's Parliament.
它产生在查理一世和国王议会之间。
The English Parliament in the 17th century didn't have as much power as it does today, but its members, mainly comprised of leading nobles and intellectualswho were the representatives of the emerging capitalists, were more awake than ever to their lawful rightsto govern the kingdom alongside their king, rather than beneath him.
17世纪的开元ky888网址进入英国议会不明天那末大的权力,但其成员首要由带领贵族和常识份子构成,他们是新兴本钱家的代表,他们比以往任甚么时辰辰都更清晰本身的正当权力,与国王一路管理王国,而不是在国王之下。
However, their desire for more autonomy collided with Charles' expectation of their role, which was more of a submissive kind, and thismismatch bred trouble.
但是,他们对更多自治权的巴望与查尔斯对他们脚色的希冀相抵触,后者加倍驯服,这类不婚配致使了费事。
One of Parliament's rights was to levy and collect taxes, so if the king needed money to undertake certain enterprise, he would have to pass it through Parliament to gain its monetary support.
议会的权力之一是纳税,是以,若是国王须要资金来处置某项奇迹,他必须经由过程议会能力取得财务撑持。
Before Charles acceded tothe throne, Parliament mostly just unquestioningly complied withkings' demands.
在查尔斯担当王位之前,议会根基上只是毫无疑难地驯服国王的请求。
Although some of those demands were uneconomical, Parliament wasn't going to defy their kings because of that.
固然这些请求中有一些是不经济的,但议会不会是以而抵挡国王。kok官方体育app下载
That was the world's order that Charles inherited when hesucceeded tohis father's place, so he must have been stunned and livid when the Parliament at his timedeclined his request to fund his foreign war in Spain.
这是查尔斯担当父亲地位时担当的天下次序,以是当他那时的议会谢绝他赞助西班牙对外战斗的请求时,他必然感应震动和愤慨。
Members of Parliament provided their ground for the refusal, and they leveled their arrowstowards the appointed commander of the war, the Duke of Buckingham.
议会成员为谢绝供给了来由,他们锋铓瞄准了指定的战斗批示官白金汉公爵。
The duke was one of Charles' father's mostintimate croniesand became Charles' most trusted advisor when he became king.
这位公爵是查尔斯父亲最密切的好友之一,当查尔斯成为国王时,他成了查尔斯最信赖的参谋。
Although the duke was able to charm his way into the king's heart, Parliament wasn't fooled by his chicanery.
固然这位公爵能够或许以诱人的魅力感动国王的心,但议会并不被他的狡计捉弄。
Underneath his sophisticated, polished exterior, they saw him for what he was —a corruptschemer and a deceiving manipulator, who embezzledpublic money for his personal enjoyment.
在他纯熟、文雅的表面下,他们看到了他是甚么样的人——一个败北的狡计家和一个棍骗的支配者,他盗用公款为本身谋取私利。
Instead of heeding Parliament's admonitionand replacing the duke with someone else, thus peacefully addressing this quarrel, Charles headed for the opposite direction.
查尔斯岂但不服从议会的奉劝,也不用其余人代替公爵,从而战斗地处理了这场争持,反而走向了相反的标的方针。
Intolerant of the idea thathe should act in accordance withParliament, whom he believed to be his subordinate, he chose to shut down Parliament altogether and solve the money issue on his own, namely by imposing taxes without Parliament's consent.
他以为议会是他的部属,他不情愿根据议会行事,他挑选完整封闭议会,自行处理资金题目,即在未经议会赞成的情况下纳税。
As far as he was concerned, his father prorogued Parliament once, too, so he wasn't so beyond the pale. It was this arrogance that would prove to be his downfall.
就他而言,他的父亲也曾一度阻止议会,以是他并不那末过度。恰是这类高傲立场将证实他的塌台。
“
TWO
With himselflavishing extravagantly onarts and his equally wasteful friend, the Duke of Buckingham, roving aroundEurope in one bungled campaignafter another, in 1628, three years into his reign, he ran short on money again.
1628年,在他统治的三年里,他在艺术上浪费无度,而他的伴侣白金汉公爵一样浪费无忌,在欧洲各地停止了一次又一次的失利的竞选勾当,他再次缺钱。
This time, he had no choice but to re-open Parliament.
这一次,他别无挑选,只能从头开放议会。
Once it was opened, its memberssnatched at this opportunityto defend their rightsand vociferously expressedtheir grievances against the king and the Duke of Buckingham.
一旦停业,会员们就捉住这个机遇保卫本身的权力,高声抒发他们对国王和白金汉公爵的不满。
Charles bit his tongueandconceded totheir criticisms because he needed them.
查尔斯咬紧牙关,认可他们的攻讦,因为他须要他们。
However, thingstook a downturn when the duke was assassinated only a short time after Parliament's reopening.
但是,当公爵在议会从头开放后未几就被暗害时,工作就堕入了低谷。
Charles' pent-up angerfinally flared up, which led to himre-shutting Parliament three weeks later.
查尔斯压制的愤慨终究迸发,致使他在三周后从头封闭议会。
This shutdown lasted for eleven years, which means eleven years of Charles' personal rule of England.
此次封闭延续了11年,这象征着查尔斯对英国的小我统治长达11年。
Now that Parliament was discharged again, its leading members' antipathy towardsCharles solidified.
此刻议会再次闭幕,其首要成员对查尔斯的恶感加倍激烈。
They started to conceive of him as awrong-headedking with little regard forhis people's voice, which was conveyed through Parliament.
他们起头把他设想成一个头脑毛病的国王,而对议会转达给他的国民的声响漠不关怀。
A storm was brewingbetween the Crown and Parliament, and all it needed was a trigger, a flashpoint, to detonate a full-on conflict.
王室订定条约会之间正在酝酿一场风暴,它所须要的只是一个触发器,一个迸发点,以引爆一场周全的抵触。
As it turned out, soon enough, a group of invading Scots would fire the trigger.
成果很快,一群入侵的苏格兰人就开枪了
For years, England and Scotland had beenin a tug of waron account ofreasons such as Scotland's resistance againstEngland's attempt to integrate it.
多年来,英格兰和苏格兰一向处于拔河状况,缘由包含苏格兰否决英格兰试图将其一体化。
Scuffles between them were on and off, but Charles took this attack from Scotland as more than a dispute between twowarring kingdoms.
他们之间的争论连续不时,但查尔斯以为此次来自苏格兰的攻击不只仅是两个交兵王国之间的争端。
He suspected that Parliament was behind it, and he specifically accused five of its members withcolluding withthe Scots, ordering a warrant to arrest them by force.
他思疑议会是幕后黑手,并特别控告五名议员与苏格兰人勾搭,命令拘系他们。
Again, blinded byhis kingly arrogance, he didn't think through what this forcible arrest might bring aboutin its wake.
再一次,被国王的高傲蒙蔽了双眼,他不斟酌到此次强行拘系能够或许会带来甚么效果。
The arrest was based merely on the king'sparanoid speculations, and it sparked one of the bloodiest wars in English history, the first English Civil War.
此次拘系仅仅是基于国王的偏执预测,它激发了英国汗青上最血腥的战斗之一,第一次英国内战。
“
THREE
The war broke out in 1642, and it raged throughthe country for four years until Charles' royalist army was defeated.
战斗迸发于1642年,在天下规模内延续了四年,直到查尔斯的保皇党戎行被击败。
Thousands of lives were lost. Family members and close friends were pitted against each other for supporting different factions.
数千人归天。家人和好友因撑持差别家数而彼此对峙。
Around that same era, some English men and women, unable to bear their livesin England any longer, traveled to the New World of America to start afresh.
约莫在同一个时期,一些英国人再也没法忍耐他们在英国的糊口,因而前去美国新天下从头起头。
On January 30, 1649, Charles I was walked to the scaffold.
1649年1月30日,查理一世被奉上断头台。
What faced him was public executionand his charge of treasonfor "protecting himself and his adherents in his and their wicked practices.
他面对的是公然处决,和因“在他和他的跟随者的罪行中掩护本身和他们的跟随者”而被控告叛国。
To the same ends, he has traitorously and maliciously levied wars againstthe present Parliament and the people they represented.
为了一样的方针,他对现任议会及其代表的国民停止了叛国和歹意的战斗。
So, did Charles I die a "martyr" or a "traitor"? This question oftengoes hand in hand with the debate as to whether he deserved death?
那末,查理一世死的时辰是“义士”仍是“叛徒”?这个题目常常与对于他是否是值得灭亡的争辩慎密相连?
If Parliament hadn't convicted Charles for treason and instead had continued negotiating with himfor better terms, he could have been spared of the fate ofdeath.
若是议会不判查尔斯叛国罪,而是持续与他构和,争夺更好的前提,他本能够免于灭亡。
His power would only be nominal and his title titular, but at least he would live.
他的权力只是名义上的,他的头衔也是名义上的。但最少他能活下去。
In fact, prior tothe king's execution, some members in Parliament did intend for things to go that way.
现实上,在国王被处决之前,议会中的一些成员确切筹算如许做。
However, its military leader, Oliver Cromwell, saw Charles' presence asa perpetual threat.
但是,其军事带领人奥利弗·克伦威尔(Oliver Cromwell)以为查尔斯的存在是一个永远的要挟。
He insisted that the king be executed and even removed those pro-Charles members from Parliament toensure the fulfillment of this goal.
他对峙要处决国王,乃至将那些撑持查尔斯的议员从议会中革职,以确保实现这一方针。
There were still plenty of royalists scattered aroundthe country who saw Charles' death as an undeserved treatment, so for them, Charles' death was a martyr's death.
天下各地仍有良多保皇党人以为查尔斯的死是不应有的报酬,是以对他们来讲,查尔斯的死便是殉道者的死。
However, Charles did attempt to provoke a second civil warwith Parliament after his army was defeated in the first one.
但是,查尔斯的戎行在第一次内战中被击败后,他确切试图挑起与议会的第二次内战。
He still couldn't reconcile with the prospect of ruling the countryin concert withParliament.
他依然没法接管与议汇协作管理国度的远景。
The visions he had of himself as the incarnation ofGod on earth, ruling a united and obedient kingdom by himself, were too tempting and scrumptious for him to give up.
他把本身设想成天主在地球上的化身,本身统治着一个同一而驯服的王国,这类幻觉太诱人、太美好了,他没法抛却。
Many saw the second civil war as a revelation ofCharles' character.
良多人以为第二次内战揭穿了查尔斯的性情。
Even after seeing what the first civil war did to his people, he was still willing to sacrifice more lives so as tosalvage his visions. Perhaps in that sense, he did in some way commit treason.
即便在看到第一次内战对他的国民形成的影响以后,他依然情愿就义更多的性命来拯救他的胡想。或许从这个意思上说,他在某种水平上犯了叛国罪。
During Charles' reign, England wasn't much of a joyous place to live in, what with all the religious conflicts and civil wars going on.
在查尔斯统治时代,因为宗教抵触和内战不时,英国并不是一个使人兴奋的处所
However, that crucible also cradled a new political system in England.
但是,这个熔炉也孕育了英国的新政治轨制。
Forty years later, the Glorious Revolutionwould give this system a name —constitutional monarchy.
四十年后,名望反动将这一轨制定名为君主立宪制。
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