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With himselflavishing extravagantly onarts and his equally wasteful friend, the Duke of Buckingham, roving aroundEurope in one bungled campaignafter another, in 1628, three years into his reign, he ran short on money again.

1628年，在他统治的三年里，他在艺术上浪费无度，而他的伴侣白金汉公爵一样浪费无忌，在欧洲各地停止了一次又一次的失利的竞选勾当，他再次缺钱。

This time, he had no choice but to re-open Parliament.

这一次，他别无挑选，只能从头开放议会。

Once it was opened, its memberssnatched at this opportunityto defend their rightsand vociferously expressedtheir grievances against the king and the Duke of Buckingham.

一旦停业，会员们就捉住这个机遇保卫本身的权力，高声抒发他们对国王和白金汉公爵的不满。

Charles bit his tongueandconceded totheir criticisms because he needed them.

查尔斯咬紧牙关，承认他们的攻讦，因为他须要他们。

However, thingstook a downturn when the duke was assassinated only a short time after Parliament's reopening.

但是，当公爵在议会从头开放后未几就被暗害时，工作就堕入了低谷。

Charles' pent-up angerfinally flared up, which led to himre-shutting Parliament three weeks later.

查尔斯压制的愤慨终究迸发，致使他在三周后从头封闭议会。

This shutdown lasted for eleven years, which means eleven years of Charles' personal rule of England.

此次封闭延续了11年，这象征着查尔斯对英国的小我统治长达11年。

Now that Parliament was discharged again, its leading members' antipathy towardsCharles solidified.

此刻议会再次闭幕，其首要成员对查尔斯的恶感加倍激烈。

They started to conceive of him as awrong-headedking with little regard forhis people's voice, which was conveyed through Parliament.

他们起头把他设想成一个头脑毛病的国王，而对议会转达给他的国民的声响漠不关怀。

A storm was brewingbetween the Crown and Parliament, and all it needed was a trigger, a flashpoint, to detonate a full-on conflict.

王室订定合同会之间正在酝酿一场风暴，它所须要的只是一个触发器，一个迸发点，以引爆一场周全的抵触。

As it turned out, soon enough, a group of invading Scots would fire the trigger.

成果很快，一群入侵的苏格兰人就开枪了

For years, England and Scotland had beenin a tug of waron account ofreasons such as Scotland's resistance againstEngland's attempt to integrate it.

多年来，英格兰和苏格兰一向处于拔河状况，缘由包含苏格兰否决英格兰试图将其一体化。

Scuffles between them were on and off, but Charles took this attack from Scotland as more than a dispute between twowarring kingdoms.

他们之间的争论持续不时，但查尔斯以为此次来自苏格兰的攻击不只仅是两个交兵王国之间的争端。

He suspected that Parliament was behind it, and he specifically accused five of its members withcolluding withthe Scots, ordering a warrant to arrest them by force.

他思疑议会是幕后黑手，并特别控告五名议员与苏格兰人勾搭，命令拘系他们。

Again, blinded byhis kingly arrogance, he didn't think through what this forcible arrest might bring aboutin its wake.

再一次，被国王的高傲蒙蔽了双眼，他不斟酌到此次强行拘系能够或许会带来甚么效果。

The arrest was based merely on the king'sparanoid speculations, and it sparked one of the bloodiest wars in English history, the first English Civil War.

此次拘系仅仅是基于国王的偏执预测，它激发了英国汗青上最血腥的战斗之一，第一次英国内战。

The war broke out in 1642, and it raged throughthe country for four years until Charles' royalist army was defeated.

战斗迸发于1642年，在天下规模内延续了四年，直到查尔斯的保皇党戎行被击败。

Thousands of lives were lost. Family members and close friends were pitted against each other for supporting different factions.

数千人归天。家人和好友因撑持差别家数而彼此对峙。

Around that same era, some English men and women, unable to bear their livesin England any longer, traveled to the New World of America to start afresh.

约莫在同一个时期，一些英国人再也没法忍耐他们在英国的糊口，因而前去美国新天下从头起头。

On January 30, 1649, Charles I was walked to the scaffold.

1649年1月30日，查理一世被奉上断头台。

What faced him was public executionand his charge of treasonfor "protecting himself and his adherents in his and their wicked practices.

他面对的是公然处决，和因“在他和他的跟随者的罪行中掩护本身和他们的跟随者”而被控告叛国。

To the same ends, he has traitorously and maliciously levied wars againstthe present Parliament and the people they represented.

为了一样的方针，他对现任议会及其代表的国民停止了叛国和歹意的战斗。

So, did Charles I die a "martyr" or a "traitor"? This question oftengoes hand in hand with the debate as to whether he deserved death?

那末，查理一世死的时辰是“义士”仍是“叛徒”？这个题目常常与对于他是否是值得灭亡的争辩慎密相连？

If Parliament hadn't convicted Charles for treason and instead had continued negotiating with himfor better terms, he could have been spared of the fate ofdeath.

若是议会不判查尔斯叛国罪，而是持续与他构和，争夺更好的前提，他本能够免于灭亡。

His power would only be nominal and his title titular, but at least he would live.

他的权力只是名义上的，他的头衔也是名义上的。但最少他能活下去。

In fact, prior tothe king's execution, some members in Parliament did intend for things to go that way.

现实上，在国王被处决之前，议会中的一些成员确切筹算如许做。

However, its military leader, Oliver Cromwell, saw Charles' presence asa perpetual threat.

但是，其军事带领人奥利弗·克伦威尔（Oliver Cromwell）以为查尔斯的存在是一个永远的要挟。

He insisted that the king be executed and even removed those pro-Charles members from Parliament toensure the fulfillment of this goal.

他对峙要处决国王，乃至将那些撑持查尔斯的议员从议会中革职，以确保完成这一方针。

There were still plenty of royalists scattered aroundthe country who saw Charles' death as an undeserved treatment, so for them, Charles' death was a martyr's death.

天下各地仍有很多保皇党人以为查尔斯的死是不应有的报酬，是以对他们来讲，查尔斯的死便是殉道者的死。

However, Charles did attempt to provoke a second civil warwith Parliament after his army was defeated in the first one.

但是，查尔斯的戎行在第一次内战中被击败后，他确切试图挑起与议会的第二次内战。

He still couldn't reconcile with the prospect of ruling the countryin concert withParliament.

他依然没法接管与议汇协作管理国度的远景。

The visions he had of himself as the incarnation ofGod on earth, ruling a united and obedient kingdom by himself, were too tempting and scrumptious for him to give up.

他把本身设想成天主在地球上的化身，本身统治着一个同一而驯服的王国，这类幻觉太诱人、太美好了，他没法抛却。

Many saw the second civil war as a revelation ofCharles' character.

很多人以为第二次内战揭穿了查尔斯的性情。

Even after seeing what the first civil war did to his people, he was still willing to sacrifice more lives so as tosalvage his visions. Perhaps in that sense, he did in some way commit treason.

即便在看到第一次内战对他的国民形成的影响以后，他依然情愿就义更多的性命来拯救他的胡想。或许从这个意思上说，他在某种水平上犯了叛国罪。

During Charles' reign, England wasn't much of a joyous place to live in, what with all the religious conflicts and civil wars going on.

在查尔斯统治时代，因为宗教抵触和内战不时，英国并不是一个使人兴奋的处所

However, that crucible also cradled a new political system in England.

但是，这个熔炉也孕育了英国的新政治轨制。

Forty years later, the Glorious Revolutionwould give this system a name —constitutional monarchy.

四十年后，名望反动将这一轨制定名为君主立宪制。